Before formal cleaning validation programs were instituted, visual inspection was the primary means of determining equipment cleanliness. The use of visual inspection is still typically a component of a cleaning validation program and for routine inspections of cleaning effectiveness, but the use of visual inspection as a sole criterion for equipment cleanliness has not been successfully implemented as a valid approach for cleaning validation.
A validated cleaning program based on quantitative visual inspections in conjunction with swab testing is possible. Acceptable visible-residue limits (VRLs) can be established in conjunction with and compared with swab results. Assuming the swab results demonstrated a validated cleaning procedure, if the results are in agreement, then the VRLs may be used going forward. A similar argument has been successfully used to defend the use of rinse sampling established in conjunction with swab results.
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